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印度边防部队在中印边界锡金段越界进入中国领土的事实和中国的立场 The Facts and China’s Position Concerning the IndianBorder Troops’ Crossing of the China-India Boundary in the Sikkim Sector intothe Chinese Territory
PDF整理打印版下载地址（下载链接回复可见） 1、洞朗地区位于中国西藏自治区亚东县，西与印度锡金邦相邻，南与不丹王国相接。1890年，中国和英国签订《中英会议藏印条约》，划定了中国西藏地方和锡金之间的边界。根据该条约规定，洞朗地区位于边界线中国一侧，是无可争议的中国领土。长期以来，中国边防部队和牧民一直在该地区开展巡逻和放牧活动。目前，洞朗地区与锡金之间的边界是中印边界锡金段的一部分。
1. The Dong Langarea (Doklam) is located in Yadong county of the Tibet Autonomous Region ofChina. It borders India’s Sikkim state on the west and the Kingdom of Bhutan onthe south. In 1890, China and the UK signed the Convention Between GreatBritain and China Relating to Sikkim and Tibet, which delimited the boundarybetween the Tibet region of China and Sikkim. According to the Convention, theDong Lang area, which is located on the Chinese side of the boundary, isindisputably Chinese territory. For long, China’s border troops have beenpatrolling the area and Chinese herdsmen grazing livestock there. At present,the boundary between the Dong Lang area and Sikkim is a part of the China-Indiaboundary in the Sikkim Sector.
2、2017年6月16日，中方在洞朗地区进行道路施工。6月18日，印度边防部队270余人携带武器，连同2台推土机，在多卡拉山口越过锡金段边界线100多米，进入中国境内阻挠中方的修路活动，引发局势紧张。印度边防部队越界人数最多时达到400余人，连同2台推土机和3顶帐篷，越界纵深达到180多米。截至7月底，印度边防部队仍有40多人和1台推土机在中国领土上非法滞留。
2. On 16 June 2017,the Chinese side was building a road in the Dong Lang area. On 18 June, over270 Indian border troops, carrying weapons and driving two bulldozers, crossedthe boundary in the Sikkim Sector at the Duo Ka La (Doka La) pass and advancedmore than 100 meters into the Chinese territory to obstruct the road buildingof the Chinese side, causing tension in the area. In addition to the twobulldozers, the trespassing Indian border troops, reaching as many as over 400people at one point, have put up three tents and advanced over 180 meters intothe Chinese territory. As of the end of July, there were still over 40 Indianborder troops and one bulldozer illegally staying in the Chinese territory.
3、事件发生后，中国边防部队在现地采取了紧急应对措施。6月19日，中方通过外交途径紧急向印方提出严正交涉，对印方非法越界行为予以强烈抗议和谴责，要求印方立即将越界的印度边防部队撤回到边界线印度一侧。中国外交部、国防部、中国驻印度使馆在北京和新德里先后多次向印度提出严正交涉，强烈要求印度尊重中国的领土主权，立即撤回越界的边防部队。中国外交部、国防部发言人多次公开表态，说明事实真相，表明中方立场，并公布了印军越界的地图和现场照片。
3. After theoutbreak of the incident, Chinese border troops took contingency responsemeasures on the spot. On 19 June, the Chinese side made prompt and seriousrepresentations with the Indian side through diplomatic channels to stronglyprotest and condemn the illegal trespass by the Indian side and demand theimmediate withdrawal of the trespassing Indian border troops back to the Indianside of the boundary. China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of NationalDefense and the Chinese Embassy in India made serious representations withIndia for multiple times in Beijing and New Delhi, strongly urging India torespect China’s territorial sovereignty and immediately pull back itstrespassing border troops. The spokespersons of the Chinese foreign and defenseministries spoke in public on various occasions, laid out the facts and truth,stated China’s position and released a map and on-the-scene photos showingIndian troops’ trespass.
4、中印边界锡金段已由1890年《中英会议藏印条约》（以下简称“1890年条约”，见附件2）划定。该条约第一款规定：“藏、哲之界，以自布坦交界之支莫挚山起，至廓尔喀边界止，分哲属梯斯塔及近山南流诸小河，藏属莫竹及近山北流诸小河，分水流之一带山顶为界”（注：支莫挚山即今吉姆马珍山）。此段边界线走向条约叙述清晰准确，实地边界线沿分水岭而行，走向清晰可辨。
4. The China-Indiaboundary in the Sikkim Sector has already been delimited by the 1890 ConventionBetween Great Britain and China Relating to Sikkim and Tibet (hereinafterreferred to as the 1890 Convention, see Appendix II). Article I of thisConvention stipulates that “The boundary of Sikkim and Tibet shall be the crestof the mountain range separating the waters flowing into the Sikkim Teesta andits affluents from the waters flowing into the Tibetan Mochu and northwardsinto other Rivers of Tibet. The line commences at Mount Gipmochi on the Bhutanfrontier, and follows the above-mentioned water-parting to the point where itmeets Nipal territory.” (Mount Gipmochi is currently known as Mount Ji Mu MaZhen.) The Convention gives a clear and precise description of the alignment ofthe boundary in this sector. The actual boundary on the ground follows thewatershed and its alignment is easily identifiable.
5、新中国成立和印度独立后，两国政府均继承了1890年条约以及据此确定的中印边界锡金段已定界，这反映在印度总理尼赫鲁给中国总理周恩来的信件、印度驻华使馆给中国外交部的照会、中印边界问题特别代表会晤印方提交的文件中（见附件3）。长期以来，中印两国按1890年条约确定的边界线实施管辖，对于边界线的具体走向没有异议。边界一经条约确定，即受国际法特别保护，不得侵犯。
5. After thefounding of the People’s Republic of China and the independence of India, thegovernments of both countries inherited the 1890 Convention and the delimitedChina-India boundary in the Sikkim Sector as established by the Convention.This is evidenced by Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru’s letters toChinese Premier Chou En-lai, diplomatic notes from the Indian Embassy in Chinato the Chinese Foreign Ministry, and documents provided by the Indian side inthe Special Representatives Talks on China-India Boundary Question (seeAppendix III). Each of the two sides has for long exercised jurisdiction overits side of the boundary delimited by the 1890 Convention without any disputeover the specific alignment of the boundary. Once a boundary is established bya convention, it is under particular protection of international law and shallnot be violated.
6、6月18日以来，印度边防部队非法越过中印锡金段边界进入了中国领土，这是不容否认的事实。此次事件发生在边界线清楚的已定界地区，与过去双方边防部队在未定界地区发生的摩擦有着本质区别。印度边防部队越过既定边界，侵犯了中国主权和领土完整，违反了1890年条约，违反了《联合国宪章》，是对国际法基本原则和国际关系基本准则的粗暴践踏，性质非常严重。
6. Since 18 June,the Indian border troops have illegally crossed the China-India boundary in theSikkim Sector and entered the Chinese territory. This is an undeniable fact.The incident occurred in an area where there is a clear and delimited boundary.This makes it fundamentally different from past frictions between the bordertroops of the two sides in areas with delimited boundary. The Indian bordertroops’ crossing of the already delimited boundary is a very serious incident,as it violates China’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, contravenes the1890 Convention and the UN Charter, and tramples grossly on the basicprinciples of international law and basic norms governing internationalrelations.
7、事件发生以来，印度炮制种种“借口”为其非法行为辩护，有关说法在事实和法律上毫无根据，根本不能成立。
7. Since theincident broke out, India has invented various excuses to justify its illegalaction, but its arguments have no factual or legal grounds at all and aresimply untenable.
8、中印边界锡金段已经划定，洞朗地区是中国领土。中国在自己的领土上进行道路施工，目的是为了改善当地的交通，完全正当合法。中国修路活动没有越过边界线，而且提前通报了印度，最大限度体现了善意。印度边防部队公然越过双方承认的边界线，侵入中国领土，侵犯中国的领土主权。这才是真正企图改变边界现状，也严重破坏了中印边境地区的和平与安宁。
8. The China-Indiaboundary in the Sikkim Sector has already been delimited, and the Dong Langarea is Chinese territory. China’s road building on its own territory is aimedat improving local transportation, which is completely lawful and legitimate.China did not cross the boundary in its road building, and it notified India inadvance in full reflection of China’s goodwill. The Indian border troops haveflagrantly crossed the mutually-recognized boundary to intrude into the Chineseterritory and violated China’s territorial sovereignty. This is indeed a realattempt to change the status quo of the boundary, and it has gravely underminedpeace and tranquility of the China-India border area.
9、印度以中国修路活动带来“严重安全风险”为自己的非法越界行为辩护。联合国大会1974年12月14日通过的3314号决议规定，不得以任何理由，不论是政治性、经济性、军事性或其他性质理由，为一个国家的武装部队侵入或攻击另一国家的领土作辩解。以所谓的“安全关切”为由越过已定边界线进入邻国领土，无论从事任何活动，都违反国际法基本原则和国际关系基本准则，都不会为任何一个主权国家所容忍，更不是中印两个邻国正常的相处之道。
9. India has cited“serious security implications” of China’s road building as a justification forits illegal crossing of the boundary. According to UN General AssemblyResolution 3314 adopted on 14 December 1974, no consideration of whatsoevernature, whether political, economic, military or otherwise, may serve as ajustification for the invasion or attack by the armed forces of a State of theterritory of another State. To cross a delimited boundary and enter the territoryof a neighboring country on the grounds of so-called “security concerns”, forwhatever activities, runs counter to the basic principles of international lawand basic norms governing international relations. No such attempt will betolerated by any sovereign State, still less should it be the normal way ofconduct between China and India as two neighboring States.
10、长期以来，印军在多卡拉山口及其附近地区的边界线印度一侧修建了道路等大量基础设施，甚至在边界线上修建碉堡等军事设施。与此相反，中国在该段边界线中国一侧只进行了少量的基础设施建设。近年来，印度边防部队还阻挠中国边防部队沿着边界线正常巡逻执勤，并企图越界修建军事设施，中国边防部队对此多次提出抗议并依法拆除印军越界设施。实际上，正是印度企图不断改变中印边界锡金段现状，对中国构成严重的安全威胁。
10. Over the years,Indian troops have constructed a large number of infrastructure facilitiesincluding roads at the Duo Ka La pass and its nearby areas on the Indian sideof the boundary, and even built fortifications and other military installationson the boundary. China, on the contrary, has only had very littleinfrastructure built on its side of the boundary in the same sector. In recentyears, Indian border troops have also obstructed the normal patrols along theboundary by Chinese border troops, and attempted to build militaryinstallations across the boundary. In response, Chinese border troops lodgedrepeated protests and took lawful actions to dismantle the facilities installedby the Indian military on the Chinese side of the boundary. The fact of thematter is it is India that has attempted time and again to change the statusquo of the China-India boundary in the Sikkim Sector, which poses a gravesecurity threat to China.
11、1890年条约已确定，中印边界锡金段起自与不丹交界的吉姆马珍山，这是中印边界锡金段的东端点，也是中国、印度、不丹的三国交界点。此次印度边防部队越界的地点位于中印边界锡金段的边界线上，距离吉姆马珍山约有2000多米之远。此次事件与三国交界点问题并无关系。印度应尊重1890年条约及其确定的中印边界锡金段东端点，无权单方面改变既定边界线及其东端点，更不得以此为由侵犯中国的领土主权。
11. The 1890Convention has made it abundantly clear that the China-India boundary in theSikkim Sector commences at Mount Ji Mu Ma Zhen on the Bhutan frontier. Mount JiMu Ma Zhen is the eastern starting point of the China-India boundary in theSikkim Sector and it is also the boundary tri-junction between China, India andBhutan. The Indian border troops’ trespass occurred at a place on theChina-India boundary in the Sikkim Sector, which is more than 2,000 meters awayfrom Mount Ji Mu Ma Zhen. Matters concerning the boundary tri-junction havenothing to do with this incident. India should respect the 1890 Convention andthe eastern starting point of the China-India boundary in the Sikkim Sector asestablished by the Convention. It has no right to unilaterally alter thedelimited boundary and its eastern starting point, still less should it violateChina’s territorial sovereignty on the basis of its untenable arguments.
12、边界在国际法上具有稳定性和不可侵犯性。由1890年条约确定的中印边界锡金段持续有效，为中印双方一再确认。任何一方都须严格恪守，不得侵犯。中印双方正在边界问题特别代表会晤中探讨在锡金段边界实现解决边界问题的“早期收获”，这主要是考虑到锡金段边界已由1890年条约划定，且该条约由当时的中国和英国签署，中印应该以中国和印度的名义签订新的边界条约，以代替1890年条约。但这丝毫不影响中印边界锡金段的既定边界性质。
12. The stabilityand inviolability of boundaries is a fundamental principle enshrined ininternational law. The China-India boundary in the Sikkim Sector as delimitedby the 1890 Convention has been continuously valid and repeatedly reaffirmed byboth the Chinese and Indian sides. Either side shall strictly abide by theboundary which shall not be violated. The Chinese and Indian sides have been indiscussion on making the boundary in the Sikkim Sector an “early harvest” inthe settlement of the entire boundary question during the meetings between theSpecial Representatives on the China-India Boundary Question. This is mainly inview of the following considerations. The boundary in the Sikkim Sector haslong been delimited by the 1890 Convention, which was signed between then Chinaand Great Britain. China and India ought to sign a new boundary convention intheir own names to replace the 1890 Convention. This, however, in no way altersthe nature of the boundary in the Sikkim Sector as having already beendelimited.
13、洞朗地区历来属于中国，一直在中国的有效管辖之下，不存在争议。中国和不丹都是主权独立国家，从上世纪80年代开始通过谈判协商解决边界问题，迄今已进行了24轮边界会谈，达成了广泛共识。两国虽未正式划界，但双方已对边境地区实施了联合勘察，对边境地区的实际情况和边界线走向存在基本共识。中不边界问题是中、不两国的事情，与印度无关。印度作为第三方，无权介入并阻挠中不边界谈判进程，更无权为不丹主张领土。印度以不丹为借口侵入中国领土，不仅侵犯了中国的领土主权，而且是对不丹主权和独立的挑战。中国和不丹是友好邻邦，中国历来尊重不丹的主权和独立。在双方的共同努力下，中不两国边境地区一直保持和平安宁。中国愿继续同不丹一道，在不受外来干涉的情况下，通过谈判协商解决两国间的边界问题。
13. The Dong Langarea has all along been part of China and under China’s continuous andeffective jurisdiction. There is no dispute in this regard. Since the 1980s,China and Bhutan, as two independent sovereign States, have been engaged innegotiations and consultations to resolve their boundary issue. The two sideshave, so far, had 24 rounds of talks and reached broad consensus. Although theboundary is yet to be formally delimited, the two sides have conducted jointsurveys in their border area and have basic consensus on the actual state ofthe border area and the alignment of their boundary. The China-Bhutan boundaryissue is one between China and Bhutan. It has nothing to do with India. As athird party, India has no right to interfere in or impede the boundary talksbetween China and Bhutan, still less the right to make territorial claims onBhutan’s behalf. India’s intrusion into the Chinese territory under the pretextof Bhutan has not only violated China’s territorial sovereignty but also challengedBhutan’s sovereignty and independence. China and Bhutan are friendly neighbors.China has all along respected Bhutan’s sovereignty and independence. Thanks tothe joint efforts of both sides, the border area between China and Bhutan hasalways enjoyed peace and tranquility. China will continue to work with Bhutanto resolve the boundary issue between the two countries through negotiationsand consultations in the absence of external interference. 14、事件发生以来，中国本着最大善意，保持高度克制，努力通过外交渠道与印度沟通解决此次事件。但任何国家都不应低估中国政府和人民捍卫领土主权的决心。中国将采取一切必要措施维护自己的正当合法权益。此次事件发生在已定边界线的中国一侧，印度应立即无条件将越界的边防部队撤回边界线印度一侧，这是解决此次事件的前提和基础。 14. Since the incident occurred, China has shown utmost goodwill and great restraint and sought to communicate with India through diplomatic channels to resolve the incident. But no country should ever underestimate the resolve of the Chinese government and people to defend China’s territorial sovereignty. China will take all necessary measures to safeguard its legitimate and lawful rights and interests. The incident took place on the Chinese side of the delimited boundary. India should immediately and unconditionally withdraw its trespassing border troops back to the Indian side of the boundary. This is a prerequisite and basis for resolving the incident. 15、中印是两个最大的发展中国家。中国政府一贯重视发展同印度的睦邻友好关系，致力于维护两国边境地区的和平与安宁。中方敦促印度政府从两国关系大局和两国人民的福祉出发，恪守1890年条约及其确定的中印既定边界，尊重中国的领土主权，遵守和平共处五项原则等国际法基本原则和国际关系基本准则，立即将越界的边防部队撤回边界线印度一侧，并彻底调查此次非法越界行为，尽快妥善解决此次事件，恢复两国边境地区的和平与安宁。这符合两国的根本利益，也是本地区国家和国际社会的共同期待。 15. China and India are the world’s largest developing countries. The Chinese government always values the growth of good-neighborly and friendly relations with India and is committed to maintaining peace and tranquility in the border area between the two countries. The Chinese side urges the Indian government to keep in mind the larger interest of bilateral relations and the well-being of the two peoples, abide by the 1890 Convention and the delimited China-India boundary established therein, respect China’s territorial sovereignty, observe the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence and other basic principles of international law and basic norms governing international relations, immediately withdraw its trespassing border troops back to the Indian side of the boundary and conduct a thorough investigation into the illegal trespass so as to swiftly and appropriately resolve the incident and restore peace and tranquility to the border area between the two countries. This would serve the fundamental interests of both countries and go along with the shared expectations of countries in the region and the wider international community.
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